Additionally, levels of temptation and depression, but not anxiety, withdrawal severity, or treatment effectiveness, improved favouring treatment. Risk of bias in individual study methods and reporting are included in Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Data (see ESM) as considerations across a number of domains. Across all studies, allocation of participants was by random assignment, and all but three studies [46, 56, 66] were double-blind. Study completion rates were low, with studies reporting the proportion of the sample who did not complete the protocol as 38.4% of the total randomised. Eighty-three percent of studies analysed their results by intention-to-treat, while five (12%) [33, 46, 53, 57, 61] were unclear in this regard and two (5%) [24, 45] did not. Females were underrepresented in the data, being only 29.7% of the total participants.
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Amphetamine Toxicity
None of the six studies achieved a statistically significant difference in abstinence or reduction in use between the bupropion and placebo arm in planned primary outcome analyses. Amphetamines refer to both amphetamine (AMPH) and the structurally similar methamphetamines (MA), both of which are used extra-medically. MA is considered a more potent derivative of AMPH, with a longer duration of action and increased ability to cross the blood–brain barrier; and global shifts in the illicit stimulant market have resulted in the predominance of MA [2, 3].
- Provision of client-centred care requires future work to address the need to better understand concepts of treatment matching or stepped care.
- Prescription drug monitoring programs track the prescribing and dispensing of controlled medications to people.
- Similarly, while women were often excluded by the study design, no study examined only women.
- Data were pooled using random-effects models; potential reasons for heterogeneity were explored using subgroup analyses and meta-regressions.
Treatment aims to help a person stop misusing drugs and improve their relationships with family, work, and society. Treatment may be long-term and may involve periods of difficulty as a person adjusts to their life without substance use. A person should seek professional help if they have concerns about their mental health. A person may require physical restraint or sedation to avoid self-harm or harm to others.
What causes amphetamine addiction?
Outpatient treatment for amphetamine addiction can be a beneficial option for people who are unable to commit to an inpatient stay or who have less severe addictions. You live at home with a strong support system and commute to a treatment facility multiple days a week for counseling and other forms of therapy. Both amphetamine and methamphetamine are stimulant drugs that have different effects on your body based on the chemicals that make up each drug. Topiramate was assessed in two studies reviewed here [32, 55], demonstrating reduced use and addiction severity compared with placebo. Furthermore, a secondary analysis of Elkashef et al. [32] found higher responders within groups in a latent class analysis [69], suggesting further studies with different eligibility criteria are warranted.
However, using long-term behavioral interventions with pharmacological treatments has several important operational barriers to implementation [7]. Firstly, such behavioural interventions remain unaffordable for most patients [8]. Secondly, most long-term behavioural interventions need intensive staff training and/or client supervision https://ecosoberhouse.com/article/am-i-an-alcoholic-do-i-have-a-drinking-problem/ [8]. Finally, the accessibility of such treatments remains difficult for a large proportion of patients in the community [8]. Therefore, brief cognitive-behavioural therapy (BCBT) has been introduced by Baker and colleagues for treating amphetamines abuse/use disorder to overcome these operational barriers to implementation [9].
Short-Term Effects of Amphetamines
This could feel like a “rush” or a euphoric feeling that makes you happy and elevates your mood. This sensation is something that can cause addiction because people might look to feel that rush more often than they should, as prescribed by their healthcare provider. Talk to your healthcare provider about the medicines and supplements that you’re currently taking before starting amphetamines. You will also want to regularly meet with your healthcare provider while taking prescribed amphetamines so your provider can observe their effectiveness in reducing your symptoms and monitor your dependency on the drug.
- Stimulants such as amphetamine (Adderall) and methylphenidate (Ritalin and Concerta) are used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
- Similarly, the choice between residential or ambulatory treatment settings for longer term rehabilitation programmes may be determined by factors such as social supports, housing, employment and legal status of the patient.
- Obtaining a detailed history is of utmost importance as with any other type of overdose.
Some people take Adderall under a doctor’s supervision to treat ADHD, while others acquire it illicitly or intentionally misuse it. It is important to remember that Adderall withdrawal is different for everyone. Some people are able to stop taking Adderall with mild symptoms or no symptoms. “For heroin users, there’s methadone, there’s suboxone. I just wonder why we haven’t researched [treatments for] this drug yet,” she says. Jessica Martinez began using the drug when she paid her way through college as a sex worker. “I was shooting up every day, sometimes two to three times a day,” she says.